The power of collective fictions
Around 70,000 years ago, the Cognitive Revolution gave Homo sapiens a unique ability: believing in things that exist only in the collective imagination. Myths, gods, nations, money, and corporations are shared fictions.
These common stories let us go beyond the natural limit of groups based on direct trust, around 150 individuals. Thanks to them, millions of strangers cooperate: a banknote only has value because everyone believes in it. Harari illustrates the idea with Peugeot, a "legal fiction" that outlives its founders, its factories, and its employees.
Understanding this changes how you see the world: the institutions that structure your life are human constructions, and therefore open to change.
Institutions are not facts of nature: they are shared stories you are allowed to question.
The Agricultural Revolution, a trap
Harari calls the Agricultural Revolution, which took place around 12,000 years ago, "history's biggest fraud". Contrary to the story of progress, the shift to farming did not improve individual lives: longer workdays, a less varied diet, new diseases, and total dependence on harvests.
In his words, humans did not domesticate wheat, wheat domesticated humans. The species thrived in numbers, but the average individual lost out.
The lesson reaches far beyond prehistory: the luxury trap still works today. Every comfort quickly becomes an obligation, and going back is almost impossible once you have gotten used to it.
Before adopting a new comfort, ask yourself whether it frees you or creates an irreversible dependence.
Science is born from admitted ignorance
Around 500 years ago, a new idea changed everything: admitting that we do not know. Ancient bodies of knowledge presented themselves as complete; modern science, by contrast, starts from ignorance and searches for new laws through observation and mathematics.
This intellectual humility unleashed unprecedented power because it teamed up with two forces: empires, which financed the expeditions, and capitalism, built on credit, that is, trust in a better future. Discovering, conquering, and investing became one and the same movement.
The method applies to you as well: acknowledging what you do not know is the starting point of all real learning.
Saying "I don't know" is not a weakness: it is the first step of every discovery.
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